1. Determine the Lewis Dot Structure (LDS) for covalent bonding species (e.g. molecular cpds and polyatomic ions). This includes 1)total number of valence electrons, 2)number and types of bonds and 3)number of lone pairs on central atom.
2. From the Lewis Dot Structure, give the geometry (and bond angle) and hybridization of covalent bonding species. You must memorize the geometry and bond angles from VsperTable . For hybridization, define what a covalent bond is with respect to the orbitals, and explain how hybridization justify the exceeding the Rule of Eight (only central atoms in 3rd energy level or higher can work since have d subenergy level).
Polarity - Bond and Molecular
3. Determine the bond polarity (BondPolarity) (e.g. ionic, polar or nonpolar) from the difference in electronegativity (EN) values (will be given EN values) including showing polar bond symbol. Be able to either fill in the appropriate worksheet ([Bond Polarity Worksheet]) or provide the same work to determine Bond polarity for any two atoms. (excluding two metal atoms).
4a. Determine the molecular polarity (MolecularPolarity) (e.g. dipole) of a species by explaining the molecular geometry and bond polarity.
4b. Be able to either fill in the appropriate worksheet ([Worksheet for Molecular Polarity]) or provide the same work to determine the Molecular Polarity of a substance.
4c. Memorize the phase, Assume polar, prove non-polar and the two conditions (using bond polarity and molecular geometry) of having a non-polar molecule.
Intermolecular Force (IMF)
5. Explain metallic bond including drawing figures to explain the physical properties of metals including how they relate to ionic compounds.(2020-2021 Don't do)
6a. Determine the correct Intermolecular Forces (IntermolecularForces) (IMF) for each type of species (student will need to memorize table).
6b. Be able to order species from lowest to highest IMF (either between IMF or within IMF).
6c. Be able to order a series of Hydrogen bonding substance from lowest to highest IMF. Same for a series of non-polar molecules (exert London Dispersion forces) from lowest to highest IMF.(2020-2021 CP students Don't do)
6d. Be able to explain what London Dispersion Forces (LDF) including Instantaneous dipole and that all substances have LDS but using is the minor IMF in the substance.
Physical Properties
7a. Using your knowledge of IMF, determine if two substances dissolve/miscible in each other and know the definition of miscible/immiscible.
7b. Memorize the phrase (Like dissolves Like) that determines if two substance are dissolve/miscible in each other.
7c. Memorize the phrase (Solute particles go into Empty space between Solvent particles) to explain how much of a solute can dissolve in a given solvent. Solute particle.
7d. Be able to make a drawing (and explain 7a-7c) for these mixtures.(2020-2021 Don't do)
8. Be able to explain how the particles of solid, liquid, and gas are different, specifically how the energy of particle interacts with its IMF. ies of these particles. Also be able to relate to the standard heating curve (Temp vs. Energy graph.). Explain the difference between a gas and vapor and an definition of boiling based on KMT.
9. Using your knowledge of IMF, be able to "guess" a series of different substances (all at same temperature) and which substance would be in a given phase (i.e. solid, liquid, gas) compared to each other. Be able to explain that one substance has only one IMF strength and the different phase of the substance is caused by amount of energy substance has.
10a. Be able to explain how a liquid particles becomes a gas particle (i.e.boiling)and be able to define the two different names of gas particles, gas and vapor.
10b. Using your knowledge of IMF, while comparing one substance to another substance, determine which substance would boil first (lower boiling point) or second (higher boiling point).