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Use the details of modern atomic theory to explain each of the following experimental observations.
a) Within a family such as the alkali metals, the ionic radius increases as the atomic number increases
b) The radius of the chlorine atom is smaller than the radius of chloride ion, Cl1- (Radii: Cl atom = 0.99A, Cl1- ion = 1.81A, A = angstroms, 1m = 1E10A)
c) The 1st ionization energy of aluminum is lower than 1st ionization of magnesium. (Mg = 7.6eV, Al = 6.0eV, eV = electron Volts).
d) For magnesium, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd ionization energies is much larger than the difference between the 1st and 2nd ionization energies. ( 1st IE = 7.6eV, 2nd IE = 14eV, 3rd IE = 80.eV).