Editing Answers To Basic Questions For Physical Properties Of Substances

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1) C1Cl4 since both substances are non-polar molecules (therefore London Dispersion Forces (LDF)) then the one will the greatest Instantaneous dipole or highest number of electrons (usually greatest molar mass) has stronger IMF therefore higher BP. 
 
2) Non-polar molecule, dipole, ionic compound/metal 
 
3) COS is a dipole (dipole-dipole IMF) whereas Ca1Cl2 is an ionic compound (ionic IMF). Since dipole-dipole IMF has a lower strength than ionic IMF, then COS has a lower BP. 
 
4) Metals have metallic bonds and metallic IMF which are higher IMF thereby requiring more energy to go from solid to liquid (or even more for gas phase). There must not be enough energy at room temperature.

Not part of answer but as a reminder, the reason why metallic bonds have such high IMF is that it has high Coulombic force (CF) between the metal cations and the "sea of free flowing valence electron" caused by the fact the electron is so small that the distance between the two charged particles is extremely small. 
 
5) The substance is a hydrocarbon which is a non-polar molecule (all non-polar bonds so geometry does not make difference). Since on average non-polar molecules do not exert CF, they will not dissolve into water (a dipole that does exert a CF since it is Hydrogen bonding IMF) as the rules state, Like dissolves Like

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