**A substance that changes its properties, or that changes into a different substance, can be represented by chemical equations. Balanced chemical equations in their various forms can be translated into symbolic particulate representations. |
**Explain the relationship between macroscopic characteristics and bond interactions for a) Chemical processes b) Physical processes. Processes that involve the breaking and/or formation of chemical bonds are typically classified as chemical processes. Processes that involve only changes in intermolecular interactions, such as phase changes, are typically classified as physical processes. |
**Be able to understand what coefficients of a balance chemical reaction mean (particle, mole &volume ratios) and be able to do stoichiometric calculations (including ones combined with the ideal gas law and calculations involving molarity to quantitatively study gases and solutions. |
**Be able to calculate titration (volumetric analysis) of various system (i.e. acid-base, redox) including understanding equivalence point endpoint of indicator (or reflection in mV). Be able to use titration to standardize a solution, determine the molar mass of a substance and other volumetric analysis. |
**Identify a reaction as acid- base, oxidation-reduction, or precipitation. **Be able to generate balanced chemical reaction for acid-base reactions including net ionic reaction & stoichiometry calculations **Be able to determine Oxidation number and show and determine if it is a redox reaction and what species are oxidized reduced. Oxidizing agent and reducing are not part of AP exam. **Be able to determine products of a precipitation reactions (including net ionic reaction) and calculate stoichiometry. ***For solubility rules, only need to have memorizes for AP exam that All sodium, potassium, ammonium, and nitrate salts are soluble in water. |
**Identify Arrhenius acid and bases **Identify species as Brønsted- Lowry acids, bases, and/or conjugate acid-base pairs, based on proton-transfer involving those species. **Lewis Definition of Acid and Base (electron pair acceptor and donor) will not be on exam |
**Generate balanced redox reaction using Oxidation number method. **Represent a balanced redox reaction equation using half-reactions method. |